Paradigm
The conceptual and methodological framework of a scientific community
A body of shared knowledge
Normal science
Scientific practice within a paradigm
Scientists as "problem solvers"
Main goal is elaboration of theory, filling in the gaps
Exemplars: A set of methods, standards and basic assumptions
Serves to define:
Legitimate problems
Admissible solutions to problems
Admissible forms of communication
Anomaly
A finding that does not fit with the paradigm that covers the event
Three possible results:
1. Experimental error: The finding was due to a mistake by the scientist, not repeatable, no cause for alarm
2. Small "ad hoc" adjustment in theory: The theory simply needed fine tuning, finding assimilated into paradigm
3. Anomaly: The finding is unable to be included in paradigm, this causes a crisis, demanding stronger action
Crisis
Anomaly causes chaotic search for a new paradigm.
Many "paradigms" competing for status as the new guiding force in the science
For one of these "paradigms" to emerge as a true paradigm, it must:
1. Explain the anomaly
2. Explain the success of the previous paradigm
Revolution
One paradigm emerges as the relevant scientific community reaches a consensus
Scientists have conversion experience, learn to see old world in new way, "Gestalt Switch"/Incommensurabilty with old world-view
Normal science resumes within new paradigm
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